基于Maxent模型对尼泊尔芒适生区时空分布的预测

为预测不同时期气候情景下尼泊尔芒的适生区,探讨制约其适生区分布的主导气候因子,基于60条尼泊尔芒现代地理分布记录和9个生物气候变量,利用ENMeval数据包对Maxent模型进行了优化,并利用优化后的Maxent模型对末次冰盛期、全新世中期、现代(1970～2000年)和未来(2061～2080年)4个时期的尼泊尔芒适生区进行了模拟,综合使用贡献率、置换重要性和Jackknife检验对气候变量的重要性进行了评估。结果显示:最优模型设置参数为特征组合选取LQH,调控倍频设置为3,在该设置参数下模型的测试集受试者工作特征曲线下的面积为(0.963±0.028),模拟准确度极高;温度季节性标准差、最冷月最低温度、年温度变化范围和年降水量是影响尼泊尔芒分布的主导气候因子;尼泊尔芒的现代中、高适宜区大面积分布于中国的西藏东部、四川南部、贵州西部和云南大部分地区;末次冰盛期,其适生区面积最大,在东海和南海的沿海地区存在其他时期所没有的适生区;全新世中期,其适生区轮廓与现代适生区的相似;2070年,其适生区整体北移;从末次冰盛期到未来,尼泊尔芒的适生区可能会先后经历了向内收缩、基本稳定和整体北移3个过程。     

芒草染色体核型分析

应用根尖压片法对芒草的染色体数目和核型进行了研究,核型分析按李懋学标准进行,核型类型根据Stebbins标准划分,核型不对称性系数（As．K％）按Artmo的方法计算。结果表明：芒草的染色体数目为2n=48,染色体基数为x=24,核型中有13对m染色体、8对Sm染色体及3对St染色体。核型公式为：2n=2x=48=26m＋16Sm＋6St。染色体的相对长度变化范围为0．45％-2．45％,臂比变化范围为1．10-3．97。最长与最短的染色体的长度比为5．74。核型不对称性系数（As．K％）为63．07％,核型属“2C”型。     

广西省芒野生居群表型多样性研究

通过方差、聚类和相关分析等方法对分布在我国广西省芒的13个野生居群的18个叶片、茎秆、花序和小穗的表型性状进行居群内和居群间的遗传多样性研究。结果表明,18个表型性状在居群内和居群间均存在极显著差异,说明芒种群内表型性状变异较丰富且遗传多样性较高。表型分化系数的变幅为17.99%～47.21%,其中,叶片、茎秆、花序和小穗性状分别为38.01%,29.80%,32.84%和27.14%,所有性状均值为32.05%,说明芒表型性状的变异主要来源于居群内。UPGMA聚类结果表明,在阈值5.388处可以将13个居群分为4个类群,聚类结果表明,聚成一类的居群在地理位置上并不靠近。表型性状与地理因子的相关性分析表明,部分表型性状的变化与地理因子呈显著或极显著相关性。本研究结果为我国芒属能源植物在遗传改良以及野生资源的保护与利用等方面提供了可参考的理论依据。     

中国西南区野生芒居群表型变异研究

生物能源被认为是21世纪最有希望在解决能源危机方面有所作为的能源。芒植株普遍高大、生物质产量高、燃烧品质好,加之其分布广泛、抗逆性强、适宜在广袤的边际土地上种植,成为一种极为理想的生物能源植物。为探明中国西南区野生芒居群的表型多态性及表型变异规律,对37个野生居群材料的9个植物学形态特征及产量性状进行了研究。结果表明,11个表型性状在居群间的差异均达到极显著(P＜0.01)水平,各性状特征在居群间存在广泛的变异,变异系数由大到小依次为单株产量干重、单株产量鲜重、分蘖数、旗叶长、旗叶宽、叶宽、茎节数、茎节长度、茎粗、株高和叶长。11个性状特征间存在显著的相关性,叶片长而且宽的芒,旗叶长而宽,植株高大,茎秆粗壮,分蘖较少,反之亦然。此外发现分蘖数、株高、叶长3项指标对芒单株产量存在显著正相关(P＜0.01),是评价芒单株产量的3项主要指标。9个植物学形态特征可归成为4个主成分因子,累计贡献率达到82.551%,最大程度上反映了所有材料测定的表型特征。采用欧氏距离系统聚类法将37个芒野生居群依据9个植物学形态特征分为3类:植株高大叶片窄长型、植株高大叶片宽长型和植株低矮叶片窄短型。     

Prospects of Miscanthus x giganteus for PAH phytoremediation: A microcosm study

Phytoremediation of large surface areas using crop cultivation appears as an attractive strategy to allow for long-term but economically viable site rehabilitation programs. The contribution of Miscanthus x giganteus root exudates to the biostimulation of PAH degradation was recently demonstrated using in vitro assays. The aim of this work was to characterize the phytoremediation potential of this perennial grass in the situation of PAH polluted soils. For this purpose, three factors affecting bioremediation, namely the nature of soil organic contaminants (spiked phenanthrene and pyrene each at 100 mg/kg dry soil), bioaugmentation (with a PAH-degrading microflora) and planting (with Miscanthus x giganteus), were arranged according to a full factorial design in pot experiments. Effects of each factor (alone or in combination) were assessed on soil bacterial communities (total culturable bacteria and PAH-degrader enumerations, 16S rDNA molecular diversity analysis) and PAH dissipation. Results showed that contamination was the main factor positively influencing the development of degrader populations. Phenanthrene dissipation was observed regardless the presence of plants or initial PAH-degrading bacterial inoculum whereas significant decreases in pyrene contents were positively influenced by bioaugmentation and to a lesser extent by planting. The ability of plants to maintain a degrading rhizosphere microflora thus enhancing the dissipation of recalcitrant compounds in polluted soils would deserve further investigations.     

遮阴对4个品种观赏芒生理特性的影响

以4个品种观赏芒为研究对象,在0,25%,50%和75%4个遮阴处理下,测定叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b、净光合速率、游离脯氨酸等生理指标。结果表明,这4个品种观赏芒能够适应一定的弱光环境。     

生物质炭对不同pH值土壤矿质氮含量的影响

为了揭示生物质炭作为土壤调理剂添加后对土壤矿质氮形态、含量等土壤性质的影响,该研究利用芒草分别在350和700℃裂解制得生物质炭,发现2个温度尤其是700℃制得的生物质炭,对NH4+有很强的吸附能力,但对NO3-的吸附能力很弱。将生物质炭分别加入到酸性(pH值为3.8)和碱性(pH值为7.6)土壤中,25℃下室内培养180d。结果表明,生物质炭提高了土壤全氮含量,酸性和碱性土壤分别平均提高了22%和17%;但使土壤铵态氮含量大幅降低至接近仪器检测限水平;生物质炭对土壤硝态氮含量的影响因生物质炭和土壤类型而异。生物质炭对土壤矿质氮形态和含量的影响,显然与生物质炭对铵的吸附作用、提高土壤pH值、增强氨挥发损失,以及形成微生物量氮等密切相关。该研究可为开展生物质炭基氮素新型肥料及制剂等方面的科学研究提供参考。     

两种除草剂对五节芒的防除试验

采用2种化学除草剂(41％草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂、5％森泰颗粒剂)6个剂量水平,分别对五节芒[Miscanthus floridulus (Lab.) Warb.ex Schum.et Laut.]施药1次、2次和3次,分析防除效果及防治成本.结果表明,两种除草剂均显著提高麻栎(Quercus acutissima Carruth.)幼苗存活率,草甘膦处理麻栎幼苗存活率比森泰处理高24.7％.草甘膦6 L/hm2和森泰25 g/丛经过3次施药、草甘膦7.5 L/hm2和森泰30 g/丛通过2次或3次施药,防治效果均可达到85％以上;而各剂量水平只进行1次施药,防治效果不佳.在防治效果85％以上的处理中,草甘膦防治成本略低于森泰颗粒.     

芦毒蛾对荻的为害损失及防治指标研究

芦毒蛾是危害荻的主要害虫之一．１９９１和１９９３年在沅江市万子湖苇场进行罩笼接虫试验的结果表明，不同虫口密度对荻生长及产量有显著影响．根据产量损失率的测定，确定了芦毒蛾的经济受害允许损失水平为５．７５％；由此得出洞庭湖区第一代芦毒蛾的防治指标为：每株荻４．３头芦毒蛾幼虫．     

Vegetation development patterns on skislopes in lowland Hokkaido, northern Japan

The Japanese montane zones are usually covered with well-developed forests, and most ski resorts are constructed there. Therefore, the construction of skislopes requires the destruction of forest ecosystems. To detect vegetation development patterns on skislopes, I assessed vegetation on seven skislopes in the lowland of Hokkaido Island, Japan, using 155 2 m×2 m plots. The surrounding vegetation was mostly consisted of broad-leaved forests with a floor of dwarf bamboo, Sasa senanensis. The skislopes were established 5-28 years before the surveys by scraping off the topsoil and subsequent artificial seeding. The data of vegetation analyzed by TWINSPAN resulted in six different grassland types: (A) Miscanthus sinensis-Hypochaeris radicata, (B) introduced herbs with low richness, (C) introduced herbs, (D) Artemisia montana, (E) M. sinensis-Pueraria lobata-A. montana, and (F) Solidago gigantea var. leiophylla. H. radicata and S. gigantea var. leiophylla were alien species. Vegetation dominated by introduced grasses for erosion control, such as Dactylis glomerata and Poa pratensis, should be initial vegetation on the skislopes. Most tree pioneer species established in the vegetation type A, that was most natural vegetation in the skislopes. Type A seemed to proceed from types B and C, and species richness was the highest. Therefore, this type should be preferable for the management and restoration of skislope vegetation. Type D established on newer skislopes, while types E and F established on older skislopes. Results including detrended correspondence analysis suggested that those vegetation types D-F proceeded to distorted succession, i.e. biological invasion changed native successional sere. Based on these results, I recommended that the restriction of alien invasion and careful monitoring on M. sinensis grasslands are required to restore the natural vegetation.